What are common manifestations of metabolic acidosis?

• A. Lethargy, confusion, dizziness, headache, and rapid deep breathing (Kussmaul's respirations)
• B. Hypoventilation and constipation
• C. Euphoria and insomnia
• D. Nausea but no dyspnea

Answer: (A)

Metabolic acidosis lowers blood pH, and the body responds with respiratory compensation by increasing ventilation to blow off CO2, producing rapid, deep breaths known as Kussmaul respiration. This strengthened breathing helps raise pH and is often seen along with symptoms from acidemia such as lethargy, confusion, dizziness, and headache. Nausea can also occur. Hypoventilation would worsen acidosis, so it isn’t typical. Euphoria, insomnia, or constipation aren’t characteristic features of metabolic acidosis, and while nausea can occur, the prominent sign you’d expect is the marked, rapid, deep breathing that reflects the body’s attempt to compensate.